Fig. 4. Effect of TES and DHT on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i during IL-13 exposure in human ASM cells. Effect of TES on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine in the presence/absence of IL-13 in A) Non-asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female) and B) Asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female). Effect of DHT on regulating [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine in the presence/absence of IL-13 in C) Non-asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female) and D) Asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female). IL-13 significantly increased [Ca²⁺]_i in both non-asthmatic and asthmatic human ASM cells (male and female) compared to vehicle. TES and/or DHT treatment significantly downregulated the IL-13 induced increase in [Ca²⁺]_i response to histamine. ^###p<0.001 vs. vehicle and ***p<0.001 vs. TNFα. Data expressed as mean ± SEM. n=3 patients each.